Manual on the causes and control of activated sludge bulking, foaming, and other solids separation problems

Content: Solids Separation Problems -- Activated Sludge Floc -- Solids Separation Problems in Terms of Floc Structure -- Dispersed Growth -- Viscous Bulking -- Pin Floc -- Filamentous Bulking -- Foam/Scum -- Differentiation of Microbial and Process-Related Solids Separation Problems -- Microscopic Examination Methods -- Filament Counting Methods -- Total Extended Filament Length -- Filament Count -- Nocardioform Filament Organism Counting -- Floc and Filamentous Microorganism Characterization -- Sampling Points -- Sampling Frequency -- Sample Transport and Storage -- Microscope -- Cameras -- Staining Procedures -- Sample Preparation -- Floc Characteristics and Overall Filament Abundance -- Floc Size -- Floc Characteristics -- Protozoa and Other Macroorganisms -- Nonbiological Organic and Inorganic Particles -- Bacterial Colonies -- Cells Dispersed in Bulk Solution -- Effects of Filamentous Organisms on Floc Structure -- Filamentous Organism Abundance -- Filamentous Organism Characteristics -- Branching -- Motility -- Filament Shape -- Location -- Attached Bacteria -- Sheath -- Cross-Walls (Cell Septa) -- Filament Width -- Filament Length -- Cell Shape -- Cell Size -- Sulfur Deposits -- Other Granules -- Staining Reactions -- Additional Observations -- Filamentous Organism Identification -- Using the Dichotomous Key -- Building Your Skills -- Filamentous Organism Descriptions -- Sphaerotilus natans (Figures 2.9c, 2.13b, 2.14f, and 2.21a) -- Type 1701 (Figure 2.21b) -- Haliscomenobacter hydrossis (Figure 2.21c).